Python 在 2.6 版本中新加了一个字符串格式化方法: str.format()。它的基本语法是通过 {}: 来代替以前的 %.。格式化时的占位符语法:

replacement_field ::= "{" [field_name] ["!" conversion] [":" format_spec] "}"

“映射”规则

通过位置

str.format() 可以接受不限个参数,位置可以不按顺序:

>>> "{0} {1}".format("hello", "world")
'hello world'
>>> "{} {}".format("hello", "world")
'hello world'
>>> "{1} {0} {1}".format("hello", "world")
'world hello world'

通过关键字参数

使用关键参数时字符串中需要提供参数名:

>>> "I am {name}, age is {age}".format(name="huoty", age=18)
'I am huoty, age is 18'
>>> user = {"name": "huoty", "age": 18}
>>> "I am {name}, age is {age}".format(**user)
'I am huoty, age is 18'

通过对象属性

str.format() 可以直接读取用户属性:

>>> class User(object):
...     def __init__(self, name, age):
...         self.name = name
...         self.age = age
...         
...     def __str__(self):
...         return "{self.name}({self.age})".format(self=self)
...     
...     def __repr__(self):
...         return self.__str__()
...     
...
>>> user = User("huoty", 18)
>>> user
huoty(18)
>>> "I am {user.name}, age is {user.age}".format(user=user)
'I am huoty, age is 18'

通过下标

在需要格式化的字符串内部可以通过下标来访问元素:

>>> names, ages = ["huoty", "esenich", "anan"], [18, 16, 8]
>>> "I am {0[0]}, age is {1[2]}".format(names, ages)
'I am huoty, age is 8'
>>> users = {"names": ["huoty", "esenich", "anan"], "ages": [18, 16, 8]}
>>> "I am {names[0]}, age is {ages[0]}".format(**users)

指定转化

可以指定字符串的转化类型:

 conversion ::= "r" | "s" | "a"

其中 "!r" 对应 repr(); "!s" 对应 str(); "!a" 对应 ascii()。 示例:

>>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2')
"repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"

格式限定符

填充与对齐

填充常跟对齐一起使用。^, <, > 分别是居中、左对齐、右对齐,后面带宽度, : 号后面带填充的字符,只能是一个字符,不指定则默认是用空格填充。

>>> "{:>8}".format("181716")
'  181716'
>>> "{:0>8}".format("181716")
'00181716'
>>> "{:->8}".format("181716")
'--181716'
>>> "{:-<8}".format("181716")
'181716--'
>>> "{:-^8}".format("181716")
'-181716-'
>>> "{:-<25}>".format("Here ")
'Here -------------------->'

浮点精度

用 f 表示浮点类型,并可以在其前边加上精度控制:

>>> "[ {:.2f} ]".format(321.33345)
'[ 321.33 ]'
>>> "[ {:.1f} ]".format(321.33345)
'[ 321.3 ]'
>>> "[ {:.4f} ]".format(321.33345)
'[ 321.3335 ]'
>>> "[ {:.4f} ]".format(321)
'[ 321.0000 ]'

还可以为浮点数指定符号,+ 表示在正数前显示 +,负数前显示 -; (空格)表示在正数前加空格,在幅负数前加 -;- 与什么都不加({:f})时一致:

>>> '{:+f}; {:+f}'.format(3.141592657, -3.141592657)
'+3.141593; -3.141593'
>>> '{: f}; {: f}'.format(3.141592657, -3.141592657)
' 3.141593; -3.141593'
>>> '{:f}; {:f}'.format(3.141592657, -3.141592657)
'3.141593; -3.141593'
>>> '{:-f}; {:-f}'.format(3.141592657, -3.141592657)
'3.141593; -3.141593'
>>> '{:+.4f}; {:+.4f}'.format(3.141592657, -3.141592657)
'+3.1416; -3.1416'

截取字符串

截取字符串类似于浮点精度控制,只是不需要加 f 在指定是浮点数:

>>> '{:.2}'.format("hello")
'he'
>>> '{:.3}'.format("huayong")
'hua'

指定进制

>>> "int: {0:d};  hex: {0:x};  oct: {0:o};  bin: {0:b}".format(18)
'int: 18;  hex: 12;  oct: 22;  bin: 10010'
>>> "int: {0:d};  hex: {0:#x};  oct: {0:#o};  bin: {0:#b}".format(18)
'int: 18;  hex: 0x12;  oct: 0o22;  bin: 0b10010'

千位分隔符

可以使用 "," 来作为千位分隔符:

>>> '{:,}'.format(1234567890)
'1,234,567,890'

百分数显示

>>> "progress: {:.2%}".format(19.88/22)
'progress: 90.36%'

事实上,format 还支持更多的类型符号:

type ::= "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "E" | "f" | "F" | "g" | "G" | "n" | "o" | "s" | "x" | "X" | "%"

其他技巧

占位符嵌套

某些时候占位符嵌套还是很有用的:

>>> '{0:{fill}{align}16}'.format("hello", fill='*', align='^')
'*****hello******'
>>>
>>> for num in range(5,12):
...     for base in "dXob":
...         print("{0:{width}{base}}".format(num, base=base, width=5), end=' ')
...     print()
...     
...
    5     5     5   101
    6     6     6   110
    7     7     7   111
    8     8    10  1000
    9     9    11  1001
   10     A    12  1010
   11     B    13  1011

作为函数使用

可以先不指定格式化参数,而是在不要的地方作为函数来调用:

>>> email_f = "Your email address was {email}".format
>>> print(email_f(email="suodhuoty@gmail.com"))
Your email address was sudohuoty@gmail.com

转义大括号

当在字符串中需要使用大括号时可以用大括号转义:

>>> " The {} set is often represented as { {0} } ".format("empty")
' The empty set is often represented as {0} '